vail sport test pdf

<> 2017;5(8):1-5. 3 0 obj The test batteries in the current literature show high variability and a lack of essential components necessary for RTS, suggesting a disconnect between recommended guidelines and clinical practice. 1 . It could be described as a vicious cycle of abnormal loading pattern leading to loss of strength, resulting in more abnormal loading patterns. It requires heavy to moderate loads (60-67% of 1-RM), with frequent increase of resistance, either by external weight or single leg posture. JFIF C Cohort study-exploratory methodological research design. b+-~G6I4l#/o*>zw,wq(iY}{o=.(I_Pq/|^WmU=T.>Wy*#nK}u1{M)^$P?J ?H[]?|BlCgaAgM7W;Hcp3TOwkvi1xQ8*BN8kvt5 lwGl9-!BVCu 1"g3(-`E2HjCHTh^_B^Mv#)v n5-ZbRq [C:2z9;~d7sGU[{[H*m4A1R'sC'R~Bp1y>-X5j56wQ. <>/Metadata 430 0 R/ViewerPreferences 431 0 R>> Design: Cohort study-exploratory methodological research design. endobj Results: Although the within-session reliability of the test has been established, the validity and inter-session reliability have not been established for the Vail Sport Test (Garrison et al., 2012). Evidence-based recommendations for the management of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture. A systematic review of clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) with a focus on quality appraisal (AGREE II). x[o8 ,`#+( Ability to walk on treadmill or cycle with resistance for 20 minutes. By the end of this phase your patient must be able to[14]: Anterior cruciate ligament (BTB) rehabilitation guideline [12], Get Top Tips Tuesday and The Latest Physiopedia updates, The content on or accessible through Physiopedia is for informational purposes only. endstream endobj 132 0 obj <>/Metadata 20 0 R/PageLayout/OneColumn/Pages 129 0 R/StructTreeRoot 34 0 R/Type/Catalog>> endobj 133 0 obj <>/Font<>>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 0/Type/Page>> endobj 134 0 obj <>stream Copyright 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. &!7\,=(*B0(`e8X8V.rI90C6v^AH\q ^>)7.9I(l@sRaBuv?A0 8d+1${T Hop testing was the most commonly reported functional test following ACL reconstruction and differences between graft types were examined, providing information that may assist providers in determining timing of return to unrestricted sporting activity. 378 0 obj <>stream This criteria-based protocol incorporates a dynamic assessment of baseline limb strength, patient-reported outcomes, functional knee stability, bilateral limb symmetry with functional tasks, postural control, power, endurance, agility, and technique with sport-specific tasks and serves as a foundation to expand future evidence-based evaluation. Vail Sport Test Scoring One point is given for each criterion completed with proper technique during the time intervals (yes = 1, no = 0) . HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Microsoft Word 2016 Rushing rehabilitation may lead to adverse complications such as increased inflammation and loss of ROM[9]. Methods: A prospective cohort study design. 9 0 obj performance following anterior cruciate ligament . Candace Walker Three major. <>/ExtGState<>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> uuid:0145AEDA-8081-4B56-969A-0706CADDFBEE uuid:0145AEDA-8081-4B56-969A-0706CADDFBEE About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features Press Copyright Contact us Creators . Br J Sports Med. ,I)rK7KlM///mKzQd(MN6dh,t&gqh17_aiGWE+y&D]/-un..1]*9n>}}YSkt[|I L|Y>O/)Vwd4UaPq4fE]mtgEDL_W7&r0xpufoO z(^aCsl [_B8RE=;/ #u BI1h4IW'A6td~_--bw*_v8 6k-w3HOC.msl5B.[qo].d|DP# x R!R"s3cHNuq,n|;5m:#hrWs#q;v6%SV%eumNGpG Hu.Z&ERkG.#1AY+@V&>iQDC@- \S~P_K2iV_V("Zy=eEVs(Jw(. Bookshelf The purpose of this clinical commentary is to provide the rehabilitation specialist such a program directed toward safely returning the athlete to alpine skiing. Hop testing was the most commonly reported functional test following ACL reconstruction and differences between graft types were examined, providing information that may assist providers in determining timing of return to unrestricted sporting activity. <>/Metadata 500 0 R/ViewerPreferences 501 0 R>> ACL rehabilitation progression: where are we now? <> The relatively low rate of return to competitive sport despite the high rates of successful outcome in terms of knee impairment-based function suggests that other factors such as psychological factors may be contributing to return-to-sport outcomes. Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society. A total of 30 (12 F, 18 M . Demographics and descriptive results for Vail Sport Test, By clicking accept or continuing to use the site, you agree to the terms outlined in our. Setting: Clinical Research Laboratory. There were no significant difference between the scores collected in real-time and from the kinematic data on the involved limb (p = 0.222). Sixty-two per cent of patients who had ACL surgery returned to their previous level of sport at 5 years after ACL reconstruction, and the subgroups that did not return to sport because of fear of re-injury and because of an unstable knee found that the difference in knee outcome scores between these 3 groups were statistically significant. ?~t2\muN>7'Y[AG*gCq5!VB7}m%Qn1/O` e.U0^.AA4v_aUU3we3nlcpZEC5Z&NcjcY^,Bj%*^-[eK8pQBaRS(se" 2wH\(/IPXcmwr(PTr,UL(#QKm\9V!AyK7(P.Q%T*&>S)VY9:wY`? A test battery consisting of a knee-extension, knee-flexion and leg-press muscle power test had high ability to determine deficits in leg power 6months after ACL injury and reconstruction and may contribute to the decision-making process when deciding whether and when patients can safely return to strenuous physical activities. 6. A total of, Physical therapy in sport : official journal of the Association of Chartered Physiotherapists in Sports Medicine. The .gov means its official. Progress each week by increasing a minute of running and decrease a minute of walking, till the athlete is able to run for a progressive 20 minutes. x]ms6*~l( Hb+8KvkUm&Hv(sW MTR!\}~:>|9z}|W?>oW>tKu/_? Comparing the injured knee to the other side and trying to reach as much as possible symmetry is essential for recovery and return to function. endobj endobj The decision to return an athlete to sports following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction can be controversial. The Vail sports test will give you an idea how your patient loads his/her injured knee which will reflect on running. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. In young patients with high functional demands, return to sports is allowed no earlier than 912 months after they have undergone a thorough rehabilitation programme, but it is known to be associated with secondary stiffness. Diagnostic accuracy of handheld dynamometry and 1-repetition-maximum tests for identifying meaningful quadriceps strength asymmetries. Compared with matched healthy controls, the participants who underwent ACLR demonstrated an inferior objective profile at RTS, consisting of deficits in surgical limb loading, self-reported outcomes, and strength. For example, building a 30-40 minutes lower body workout would look like. 308 0 obj <> endobj 8600 Rockville Pike The Journal of orthopaedic and sports physical therapy. Setting up milestones and goals depends on your patient's needs and aspired function. %PDF-1.5 % What I have learned about the ACL: utilizing a progressive rehabilitation scheme to achieve total knee symmetry after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Microsoft Word 2016 Complete 10 rep squat / 10 rep leg press with >90% of the predicted 1RM. <> Would you like email updates of new search results? From a clinical perspective, the results of this reconstruction . The evidence is rich in ACL-rehabilitation protocols. Thomas AC, Villwock M, Wojtys EM, Palmieri-Smith RM. Epub 2016 May 31. Functional outcomes suggest that a subgroup of noncopers require additional supervised rehabilitation to pass stringent criteria to return to sports. Regardless of the donor site, both knees should be incorporated throughout the rehabilitation process. Author: Candace Walker . A criterion-based postoperative protocol was derived based on current evidence regarding rehabilitation following cruciate ligament reconstruction and evidence regarding lower extremity rehabilitation principles and injury prevention and allowed the patient to return to competitive athletics. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1gfGkxWlx4o, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yy7GWyMat4Y. Dietvorst M, Brzoskowski MH, van der Steen M, Delvaux E, Janssen RPA, Van Melick N. J Exp Orthop. DOI: 10.4236/health.2017.910104 1420 Health recommendations concerning the use of the tests and to verify the quality crite-ria. hbbd```b```^"^IQ*&@$=L L`l2( xN "co\`Aj| RKl&nD#aPf We The following is a suggested weekly plan for an athlete requires strong lower body as the top priority, cardiovascular fitness, core stability and upper body strength: Accordingly, the plan includes 4 lower body strengthening sessions, 2 cardio sessions, 2 pool sessions, 2 core sessions, 2 upper body strengthening sessions. endstream endobj startxref 1 0 obj Anterior Cruciate Ligament Rehabilitation and Return to Sport: How Fast Is Too Fast? 2 0 obj National Library of Medicine in the graduate school of the . Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! ",#(7),01444'9=82. Return to Sport after ACL Reconstruction and Other Knee Operations, This chapter summarizes return to sport (RTS) and reinjury data after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction in 42,275 patients from 95 studies published from 2004 to 2018. endobj Semantic Scholar is a free, AI-powered research tool for scientific literature, based at the Allen Institute for AI. The results show that the described series of hop tests provide a reliable and valid performance-based outcome measure for patients undergoing rehabilitation following ACL reconstruction, and these findings support the use and facilitate the interpretation ofHop tests for research and clinical practice. Anatomic-based popliteus tendon reconstructions resulted in improved outcomes and a high patient satisfaction in patients with a complete tear of the popliteu tendon and symptomatic knee instability. % Garrison JC, Shanley E, Thigpen C, Geary R, Osler M, Delgiorno J. Int J Sports Phys Ther. ;R~*:x5Tj8GY~*6vUFDe}>:}CDY~*6v*}}( Rehabilitation for patients following ACL reconstruction: Arthrofibrosis following ACL reconstructionreasons and outcome. patient-acceptable symptom state) on the. 8 0 obj 4 0 obj 2018 Jan;52(2):128-138. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2016-096836. Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society. It is important to set specific goals and milestones for your athlete and build time frames accordingly. Europe PMC is an archive of life sciences journal literature. Design: stream Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Int J Sports Phys Ther. endobj 2012; 7(1):20-30. Regaining full ROM for both knees should be aimed during rehabilitation. 1 0 obj Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy. $m]5+vQ' 6 $L!phy|p^/g'zvtr1xA^$d4qr2|zFvwvw_3rrv.#HQ9-9$WWovwwrc_;+EhN4)AS[B$mXgZ-XSzHc5l'G8=y?xO/wxw 1a, Fig. Before 0 PMC endobj The Reliability of the Vail Sport Test As a Measure of Physical Performance Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. <> Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy. 3 0 obj Moving from endurance to strength training can start when the athlete shows[14]: Strength is the ability to exert force/torque at a specific speed. >rXCSEPT>TWYC{*Tg+s A2 _ /_% QE#&\&"\#p=@14'5h"hQ{o6qfsWa8h school of physical therapy 2 0 obj Available from: Lewek M, Rudolph K, Axe M, Snyder-Mackler L. Logan Hutsko - Vail Sport Test. 131 0 obj <> endobj <> hYr~L& t2c;77qn>HLF"UN>vI,{,X`|UMHyF:EVj>r GqCD!Q,QTJu3QSj$H]d )q!RZ+G*0%U^BHd. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies The purposes of this study are 1) to describe a functional test (Vail Sport Test) that includes the evaluation of muscle strength, endurance, power, and movement quality in those patients attempting to return to sports following ACL reconstruction and 2) to assess the reliability of the Vail Sport Test. These criteria are based upon quality criteria such as efficiency, utility and Garrison JC, Bothwell JM, Wolf G, Aryal S, Thigpen CA. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. endobj Table 1. hb```c``*``a`f`@ fV8GC-{Ym6{d| endstream endobj 309 0 obj <> endobj 310 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/Tabs/S/Type/Page>> endobj 311 0 obj <>stream 2015 Oct;10(5):602-11. The decision to return an athlete to sports following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction can be controversial. @]aYb%0R1YjbE:>{\qwWM8e)RT|B [WdOn1P4{hq|Rdf? 1}Q4;\j9c^[y^wt;!%Fl{Qbn}?] cQv_bLcK?q]~~n~/|-mIFr;g9]XLj2w.;_|*jh3.zL":'vYbDU-*0}s=$e OC(7qRj+S682ef\d}k"uGdQ{O0O+Vy^_%k!M]1 ,(s*@ ;@p'D2g g.wxaCOi!o\/~iwY_\R>9 ~:KmPDP\ S@YVPc^4?~)=TJ`sK+lvS|o%SMm 9 A/naYMM@&(gq[`-RKsUBH$m,'MCkOo0_^x0?W~6}Xlz*i:EsTJbcW#xsH/,x.29YgeULX!N$MS"7a4F.AaonTl@^O.l1wnxg(wYap_@s{T'\i*\eTG4@4c,lra;.$-mhJ]sKMDhK[)Ktq^u-1]~ vo!,bA 5 0 obj The purposes of this study are 1) to describe a functional test (Vail Sport Test) that includes the evaluation of muscle strength, endurance, power, and movement quality in those patients attempting to return to sports following ACL reconstruction and 2) to assess the reliability of the Vail Sport Test. % Researchers consider ROM symmetry to be the most important factors in successful rehabilitation and long-term patient satisfaction: Achieving symmetry depends on many factors such as surgical approach; graft type, donor site, proper graft placement, knee hyperextension after graft placement, pre-operative rehab, post-operative, rehab periodic evaluations and follow-ups up to 10 years after surgery[9]. Preliminary Functional Test Week 12 (Prior to 12-week follow-up appointment) Test Dynamic Valgus * (Y/N) R L % . The Journal of orthopaedic and sports physical therapy. endobj In most cases Physiopedia articles are a secondary source and so should not be used as references. Epub 2017 Feb 21. Sixty-two per cent of patients who had ACL surgery returned to their previous level of sport at 5 years after ACL reconstruction, and the subgroups that did not return to sport because of fear of re-injury and because of an unstable knee found that the difference in knee outcome scores between these 3 groups were statistically significant. Garrison JC, Shanley E, Thigpen C, Geary R, Osler M, Delgiorno J. <> Test; VHST: Vail Hip Sport Test; *predictive validity regarding injuries of lower extremity. Alter-G treadmill or pool running is helpful when you want to start with partial weight-bearing, progressing 5% each session till full weigh-bearing. 3 0 obj x]k6nA_tHd/bg"HFg=_[$ q?X"UInw7WovO>aZoxy:h_b~_={KV0VVuGLU+$)Zsfqm(,t6=I*B:q_^?/3!6wlvDq/[^G]zlrYvzyWX\.yq^RGRZ%#|vZYlg-^v^lK+t^m7d.8w+(jy{''AGs c[y[r IJy"MW6gDF/e4)LD=)9{e ]+y"M__NLB }WZ#Ni);3tr. 1 0 obj <>/Metadata 378 0 R/Pages 2 0 R/StructTreeRoot 46 0 R/Type/Catalog/ViewerPreferences 376 0 R>> endobj 378 0 obj <>stream A comprehensive RTS decision-based model for sports medicine practitioners is discussed that assesses risk of reinjury from multiple factors and determines the clinicians threshold for acceptable risk. Further examples and more on the progression of exercises are found in table 6 in this article. endobj Training for high load activities requires 85-100% of 1 RM, 1-3 sets with 3 minutes rest. By clicking accept or continuing to use the site, you agree to the terms outlined in our. 6 0 obj Eighty-three per cent of elite athletes return to preinjury sport after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a systematic review with meta-analysis of return to sport rates, graft rupture rates and performance outcomes. 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 No Difficulty Slight Difficulty Moderate Extreme Unable to do Twisting/pivoting on invloved leg Deep squatting Heavy work (push . To determine the between-day reliability, a subset of participants returned to repeat the test. %PDF-1.7 % The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). The validity and reliability of the Vail Sport Test as a measure of performance following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction The results of this study showed good reliability and partially support the validity of the Vail Sport Test as a measure of readiness to return to play. stream <> These goals should be prioritized depending on athletic needs. a dissertation . A problem may arise when the surgical graft is obtained from the contralateral leg. Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore. Request PDF | The Validity And Reliability Of The Vail Sport Test As A Measure Of Performance Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction | Objectives: To determine the validity and . Bousquet BA, O'Brien L, Singleton S, Beggs M. Y Balance Test Explained. <>/ExtGState<>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2019.05.001 Corpus ID: 174805383; The validity and reliability of the Vail Sport Test as a measure of performance following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Anatomic-based popliteus tendon reconstructions resulted in improved outcomes and a high patient satisfaction in patients with a complete tear of the popliteu tendon and symptomatic knee instability. attempting to return to sports following ACL reconstruction and 2) to assess the reliability of the Vail Sport Test. The purposes of this study are 1) to describe a functional, Physical therapy in sport : official journal of the Association of Chartered Physiotherapists in Sports Medicine. Good inter-session reliability (ICC = 0.787) was found for the involved limb. @article{Garrison2012TheRO, title={The reliability of the vail sport test{\texttrademark} as a measure of physical performance following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. 2017-12-06T10:45:58-06:00 2012 Feb;7(1):20-30. %PDF-1.7 Available from: Single Leg Drop Jump | OSU Sports Medicine. stream <>/Metadata 536 0 R/ViewerPreferences 537 0 R>> Y BALANCE TEST ANTERIOR REACH SYMMETRY AT THREE MONTHS IS RELATED TO SINGLE LEG FUNCTIONAL PERFORMANCE AT TIME OF RETURN TO SPORTS FOLLOWING ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT RECONSTRUCTION. The reliability of the vail sport test as a measure of physical performance following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. If you believe that this Physiopedia article is the primary source for the information you are refering to, you can use the button below to access a related citation statement. endstream % MpTp954A6eT! Post-operative criterion based rehabilitaiton of ACL repairs: A clinical commentary. When refering to evidence in academic writing, you should always try to reference the primary (original) source. <>/ExtGState<>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> The site is secure. For the donor site, rehabilitation should be directed towards strengthening the muscles, while ROM is the main concern in the initial phases of rehabilitation for the ACL-reconstructed knee[9]. Loss of as little as 2 of extension and 5 flexion, compared to the other knee, were associated with lower subjective scores[6]. Every two weeks, a week of de-loading is recommended to allow recovery[14]. Current concepts for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a criterion-based rehabilitation progression. The relatively low rate of return to competitive sport despite the high rates of successful outcome in terms of knee impairment-based function suggests that other factors such as psychological factors may be contributing to return-to-sport outcomes. When setting a weekly plan, consider the priorities for your athlete and the required levels of different physiological characteristics. endobj Available from: I give my consent to Physiopedia to be in touch with me via email using the information I have provided in this form for the purpose of news, updates and marketing. Increasing running tolerance should be gradual and slow for up to 4 weeks. Methods: The ACL rehabilitation plan has 9 Phases: Time frames vary among different sports. METHODS 2020 Oct 15;7(1):83. doi: 10.1186/s40634-020-00298-8. <> acute management after ACL reconstruction, Anterior cruciate ligament (BTB) rehabilitation guideline. texas woman's university. %PDF-1.5 Garrison JC, Shanley E, Thigpen C, Geary R, Osler M, Delgiorno J. endobj %PDF-1.5 % 1b, Fig. Symmetries in Muscle Torque and Landing Kinematics Are Associated With Maintenance of Sports Participation at 5 to 10 Years After ACL Reconstruction in Young Men. Predicting outcomes and time-frames, using your clinical experience and clinical reasoning skills, for each goal is also part of your role. Kokmeyer et al. % endobj This study aims at reviewing the available literature on reliability and validity of existing subjective test protocols, and first recommendations for the use of different subjective screening test methods are given. Archives of orthopaedic and trauma surgery. Published in International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy 2012, J. C. Garrison, E. Shanley, C. Thigpen, R. Geary, M. Osler, Jackie Delgiorno. Setting: Disclaimer. %PDF-1.7 Purpose: To test single leg endurance strength and evaluate patellar tracking. Careers. A prospective cohort study design. %%EOF This study aims at reviewing the available literature on reliability and validity of existing subjective test protocols, and first recommendations for the use of different subjective screening test methods are given. Developing velocity requires lower resistance, about 30% 1 RM for 6 reps, 1-3 sets with 3 minutes rest. This test will be completed in reverse order (A to C to B to A) to make sure the patient is planting with both the involved and uninvolved foot. An official website of the United States government. A recent study of this test on patients post . Return to sport test Weeks 20-24 (Prior to 6-month follow-up appointment) Test Dynamic Valgus * (Y/N) R L % Y-Balance Leg length (ASIS to medial . (18) conducted an analysis on the prevalence of injuries in World Cup Ski Racing, finding that 9.8 injuries occurred for every 1,000 runs taken, 38% of which were to the knee. Lai CCH, Ardern CL, Feller JA, Webster KE. To determine the validity and inter-session reliability of the Vail Sport Test. J?c@WMvl{U[ ~OpgbhUVF7&u7jR,*kaT)Y ,kP>roF'm4R W|Ub8x^. Back leg squat/Leg press for 10 rep at >70% of the predicted 10 RM. $.' Age, gender, quadriceps strength and hop test performance are the most important factors affecting the achievement of a patient-acceptable symptom state after ACL reconstruction. Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore. The Vail Sport Test, originally described by Hagerman and Atkins, 34 is a functional assessment to return to alpine skiing and has been used as a criterion to return to sport, as previously described in the literature. International journal of sports physical therapy, PURPOSE/BACKGROUND Three major. the validity and reliability of the vail sport test as a measure of . 340 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<123C55CFD985F54AB0CFEB110C29D7C1>]/Index[308 71]/Info 307 0 R/Length 140/Prev 313627/Root 309 0 R/Size 379/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream Orthop J Sports Med. <> $[A`M A&Zb @2`@&F!# * Symmetry means equal ROM and equal strength. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=njfP29KabO4, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u0o-8MmKArg, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XkPsoV6-HJw, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wMc9G7Kzj0w, https://www.physio-pedia.com/index.php?title=ACL_Rehabilitation:_Rehabilitation_Planning&oldid=323048, Low load recovery (core stability + pool exercise), Knee flexion within 10 of the contralateral side, Knee joint effusion equal to a grade of trace or less, Hetsroni and colleagues found that maintaining participation in sports 5-10 years after ACL surgery was associated with symmetries in muscle torque and landing kinematics, Cristiani and colleagues found that symmetrical isokinetic quadriceps strength and single-leg-hop test performance at 6 post-ACL surgery consistently increased the likelihood that a patient would achieve a PASS (i.e.

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