By the end of the civil war, Russia's economy and infrastructure were heavily damaged.
Chess is a widely popular pastime in Russia; from 1927, Russian grandmasters have held the world chess championship almost continuously.[463]. [239], The Russian central bank announced plans in 2013 to free float the Russian ruble in 2015. Many countries gain their independence. [39] In 1237–1238 the Mongols burnt down the city of Vladimir (4 February 1238)[40] and other major cities of northeast Russia, routed the Russians at the Sit' River,[41] and then moved west into Poland and Hungary. When Alexander II came to the throne in 1855, desire for reform was widespread. The Russian Empire expanded in Siberia and in the Caucasus and made gains at the expense of China. In areas where they did advance against the Austrians, they failed to rally the ethnic and religious minorities that were hostile to Austria, such as Poles. Russia hosts the world's ninth-greatest number of UNESCO World Heritage Sites, at 29,[36] and is among the world's most popular tourist destinations. 1: Nicholas and Alexandra by. 1980 - The 1980 Summer Olympics are held in Moscow. 2017. г. и среднегодовая за 2016. Ancient Greek explorers, most notably Pytheas, even went as far as modern day Kaliningrad, on the Baltic Sea. Some critics claimed that the leadership change was superficial, and that Putin remained as the decision making force in the Russian government. All the major Russian social groups have separate chapters and the volume also includes surveys on the non-Russian peoples and the government's policies towards them. It encompasses political, economic, social, cultural, diplomatic, and military history. [160], An important aspect of Russia's relations with the West is the criticism of Russia's political system and human rights management (including LGBT rights, media freedom, and reports about killed journalists) by Western governments, the mass media and the leading democracy and human rights watchdogs. [80] Russia had now become the largest country in the world, stretching from the Baltic Sea to the Pacific Ocean. 1547 - Ivan IV, also known as Ivan the Terrible, is crowned the first Tsar of Russia. )", "Конституция Кабардино-Балкарской Республики от 1 сентября 1997 г. N 28-РЗ (принята Парламентом Кабардино-Балкарской Республики 1 сентября 1997 г.)
With the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Russia lost the superpower status that it had won in the Second World War. Food and fuel were in short supply, casualties kept occurring, and inflation was mounting. [21] The medieval state of Rus' arose in the 9th century. [270], The 2014 devaluation of the rouble and imposition of sanctions spurred domestic production, and in 2016 Russia exceeded Soviet grain production levels,[271] and became the world's largest exporter of wheat. In the early 19th century, Alaska was used as a base for the First Russian circumnavigation.