[273], A moment of great disorder in southern Africa was the Mfecane, "the crushing." [181], In the 1140s, Abd al-Mu'min declared jihad on the Almoravids, charging them with decadence and corruption. Breunig, Peter. The split occurred over rivalry from two Shona lords, Changa and Togwa, with the mwanamutapa line. During the above-mentioned period, Islam spread to sub-Saharan Africa, mainly through trade routes and migration. Carthage fought the Punic Wars, three wars with Rome: the First Punic War (264 to 241 BC), over Sicily; the Second Punic War (218 to 201 BC), in which Hannibal invaded Europe; and the Third Punic War (149 to 146 BC). High Human Inequality, as measured by the UNDP's Human Development Report's Index of Human Inequality, further impairs the development of Human Security. German is spoken in Namibia, as it was a former German protectorate. [65], Following the conquest of North Africa's Mediterranean coastline by the Roman Empire, the area was integrated economically and culturally into the Roman system. Consistent with this, observed surface temperatures have generally increased over Africa since the late 19th century to the early 21st century by about 1 °C, but locally as much as 3 °C for minimum temperature in the Sahel at the end of the dry season.
A significant part of this growth, which is sometimes referred to as Africa Rising, can also be attributed to the facilitated diffusion of information technologies and specifically the mobile telephone. Part B: Regional Aspects. In the 17th century there was a revolt of the Maba people who established a Muslim dynasty.
The Almoravids were a Berber dynasty from the Sahara that spread over a wide area of northwestern Africa and the Iberian peninsula during the eleventh century. Several African economies are among the world's fastest growing as of 2016[update].
The Portuguese tried to gain a foothold but were thrown out of the region in 1693, by Changamire Dombo.
In 1640, he welcomed back the Portuguese for trade.
Tax collecting was leased to Berber overlords, who were soldiers who had taken part in the Fatimid conquest in 969 AD. Lewis, Martin and Karen E. Wigen.
They called their empire Wilayatu 'l Mu'anamutapah or mwanamutapa (Lord of the Plundered Lands), or the Kingdom of Mutapa. The Name Africa is of African Origins from the Egyptian Word "Afru-ika" or 'Motherland.". In 651–652, Arabs from Egypt invaded Christian Nubia.
Field, D.J.
He extended the empire to the north, deep into the desert, pushed the Mossi further south of the Niger, and expanded southwest to Djenne. They established their capital at Kukiya in the 9th century AD and at Gao in the 12th century. Northwest of the Vaal River developed early Tswana states centered on towns of thousands of people. [252], In the city of Gobir, Usman dan Fodio (1754–1817) accused the Hausa leadership of practicing an impure version of Islam and of being morally corrupt. [138], Sub-Saharan Africa is the least successful region of the world in reducing poverty ($1.25 per day); some 50% of the population living in poverty in 1981 (200 million people), a figure that rose to 58% in 1996 before dropping to 50% in 2005 (380 million people). Baguirmi emerged to the southeast of the Kanem-Bornu Empire.