[10][11] In Borgu, there were specific mixtures to kill, hypnotize, make the enemy bold, and to act as an antidote against the poison of the enemy as well.
Chapel Hill: Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill; 1989, The Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare, Geneva Switzerland, June 17, 1925, United Nations Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, and Stockpiling of Bacteriological and Toxin Weapons and Their Destruction, 1972, Williams P, Wallace D, Unit 731: Japan's Secret Biological Warfare in World War II. From poisoning well water to poisoning salad bars in restaurants, from poisoned arrows of 300 BC to poisoned punji stakes of 1960's, from catapulting plague victims to dissemination of the plague by aircraft, warfare has included biological agents.
The Indian Wars of Pennsylvania. It is now estimated that several thousands of people (including several Japanese soldiers, victims of the difficulty of strictly controlling the dissemination of biological weapons) died as the result of these attacks 15-17. Soon there were facilities for the mass production of anthrax spores, brucellosis, and botulism toxins, although the war was over before these weapons could be of much operational use.
Even this is unlikely given the slow transportation from Africa and the incubation period of the Ebola virus. When the enemy ships came within range, the earthen jars with the snakes were hurled at the enemy vessels where they broke discharging their terrifying occupants among the enemy sailors.
Clin Microbiol Rev. Some Christians believed that self-desecration would make up for past sins.
Attempts to use biological warfare agents date back to antiquity.
Plague infected rats were fed upon by laboratory bred fleas. More broadly, although the problem of BW is undoubtedly important, it should not cause us to overreact, and obfuscate the reality of real and important preventable infections.
However, the Soviet officials attributed it to unintentional consumption of contaminated meat, and it was only in 1992 that President Boris Yelstin admitted officially that ‘our military developments were the cause’ 2, 21, 22. Additional sub-units were located in Mukden, Changchun and Nanking. Many similarities can, indeed, be found between the scientific research interests of Unit 731 and the US BW programme, including the types of biological agent studied, and the use of simulations, such as tests using non‐lethal forms of bacteria in order to test their dispersion properties as weapons. In the San Francisco experiment with Serratia marcescens 5,000 particles per minute were sprayed from the coast inward.
In the Middle Ages, a famous although controversial example is offered by the siege of Caffa (now Feodossia in Ukraine/Crimea), a Genovese outpost on the Black Sea coast, by the Mongols. This well-intentioned but ineffectual effort resulted in the Geneva Protocol.
New York: Oxford University Press, 1938, Witcover J. The dispersal of the anthrax spores with the prevailing wind and the meteorological conditions was a classic plume. Boston; Little Brown & Co; 1901, Sipe CH.
[63] Although tularemia is treatable by antibiotics, treatment does not shorten the course of the disease. 1992; 666: 21 - 52, http: www.calpoly.edu/~drjones/biowar-e3.html, Harris R, Paxman JA. Biological weapons (often termed "bio-weapons", "biological threat agents", or "bio-agents") are living organisms or replicating entities ( i.e. These were called punji pits.29 The unwitting combatant or non-combatant who stepped into the pit was impaled upon the spikes and were inoculated with material that would produce a rapid and virulent infection.20 The Soviet Union was accused of using mycotoxins as "yellow rain" in support of communists armies in Cambodia and Laos. [12] Several accounts can give an idea of the efficiency of the biologicals.